A NEW APPROACH OF OPTIMIZATION

In this paper, a necessary optimality condition of problems with equality constraints is investigated by the implicit function theorem in n-dimensional Euclidean space. A new approach solving these problems is obtained. The number of dimensions of corresponding system of equations is less than the classic Lagrangian multiplier method.     

基于MATLAB/Simulink的单缸发动机动态仿真

以MATLAB的动态仿真工具箱Simulink为平台，应用联立约束法建立了单缸发动机曲柄连杆机构动态分析的仿真模型，并根据闭环矢量方程将相容性检验模块嵌入了仿真模型。代入S195柴油机的各项参数后执行仿真．结果表明该仿真方法能方便、准确地得到机构的运动、动力数据，能为机构的选型、优化设计提供参考依据。     

松山自然保护区核桃楸扁叶甲的发生与防治

2007年6月在松山自然保护区发现核桃楸扁叶甲虫害严重,通过对扁叶甲的生活形态、世代、食性、天敌的观察及核桃楸受虫害程度的普查,得出了虫害的特点,并针对其发生面积大,制定了以生物、物理和化学方法为主要手段的可控防治措施,以期为有关部门提供采取可控防治措施的参考资料,有效控制病虫害,对保护松山地区的特殊植被具有重要意义。     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

时空可变性的思考

对爱因斯坦的相对论,即时空可变性的理论提出质疑。认为各种天体运动的联系情景不同,给人的感觉和对人的作用不会相同。空间的可变性存在于对物体运动的视觉感应;时间的可变性存在于摆脱地球绕日旋转对人的制约关系。     

范例教学法在《SQL Server数据库》教学中的应用

介绍了范例教学法及其基本原则，选择学生成绩管理系统为教学实例，通过外键约束这一知识点的讲解探讨了范例教学法在该课程教学的应用，在实际教学中取得较好的效果，为其他实践性强的课程教学提供了参考。     

改可变容差法为给定容差法

给定容差法是相对于可变容差法提出的。用给定容差法求解有约束的非线性规划问题,计算时间减少到可变容差法的1/5～1/4。利用给定容差法己在APPLE-Ⅱ微型计算机上求解过20个独立变量、40个约束方程的非线性规划问题。此法可在微型机上推广应用。     

基于最优轮伐期模型的超限额采伐现象及其约束机制分析

文中将最优轮伐期模型应用于对超限额采伐现象的研究,认为由于国有森工企业的利润大多来自于木材销售收入,而企业领导的任期是有限的,他们只关心自己任期内的业绩,导致企业经营的目标实际上是短期木材收益的最大化,而不是我们所期待的可持续木材与生态综合收益最大化,甚至也不是私人拥有森林时所追求的长期木材收益的最大化。他们会设法突破政府设定的采伐限额,增加采伐量,造成森林资源加速衰退的不良后果,不仅生态功能迅速萎缩,木材产量也无法长期维持下去。同样的情形在国有林场短期租赁给私人经营时也极易发生。为尽量杜绝这种现象,有必要通过建立有效的监督和惩罚机制使超采所带来的额外收益小于被发现时上缴罚款的数学期望值,以此从根本上遏制住企业超限额采伐的动机。     

改进邻体干扰模型在北京侧柏水源涵养林中的应用

以北京市密云半城子侧柏水源涵养林为研究对象,提出了改进的邻体干扰模型,着重讨论了干扰指数与侧柏的胸径、树高、生境利用率等因子的关系。结果表明,侧柏林内的邻体干扰指数与林木的胸径、树高、生境利用率呈负相关关系。本研究为该地区水源涵养林的经营提供了具有参考价值的量化依据。     

冀北山地杨桦次生林林分空间结构研究

在木兰林管局桃山林场选取面积为100 m×100 m的杨桦次生林样地,以每株林木树高、胸径和坐标为基础数据,运用混交度、大小比数和角尺度等林分空间结构参数分析了杨桦次生林的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)该林分中山杨Populus davidiana和白桦Betula platyphylla在株数和断面积比例上占优势,为林分内优势树种;(2)林分各混交类型的比例相差不大,林分整体呈中度混交状态;(3)林分优势木和亚优势木相对较多,基于胸径、树高得到的平均大小比数结果基本一致,均能客观反映林分的分化规律;(4)林分平均角尺度为0.504,属于随机分布,林下伴生树种以集聚分布为主,但优势树种的随机分布趋势起决定作用。